{Khóa nền tảng} Unit 7 - Giới từ

I. Định nghĩa

Giới từ (Preposition) là những từ (in, on, at,…) thường đứng trước danh từ, cụm danh từ hoặc danh động từ. 
e.g.: My family always go to church on Sunday mornings.

Trong ví dụ trên, “church” là tân ngữ của giới từ “to”, “Sunday mornings” là tân ngữ của giới từ “on”.

II. Phân loại

• Giới từ chỉ thời gian

• Giới từ chỉ vị trí

• Một số giới từ quan trọng khác

Luyện tập

Bài 1: Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.
1.   Henry Ford was born _____ the 30th _____  July 1863.
2.   He made his first car, the Quadricycle, _____  June 1896.
3.   _____  1903, he founded the Ford Motor Company.
4.   Modern mass production _____  cars was developed _____  him _____  1913.
5.   Ford's Model T could then be assembled _____  just 93 minutes.
6.    _____ 1927, 15 million Model T cars had been manufactured _____  the Ford Motor Company.
7.   Henry Ford became one _____  the richest and best-known people _____ the world.
 
Bài 2: Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each question below.
Animation traditionally is done by hand-drawing or painting successive frame of an object, each slightly different than the proceeding frame. In computer animation, although the computer may be the one to draw the different frames, in most cases the artist will draw the beginning and ending frames and the computer will produce the drawings between the first and the last drawing. This is generally referred to as computer-assisted animation, because the computer is more of a helper than an originator.

In full computer animation, complex mathematical formulas are used to produce the final sequences of pictures. These formulas operate on extensive databases of numbers that defines the objects in the pictures as they exist in mathematical space. The database consists of endpoints, and color and intensity information. Highly trained professionals are needed to produce such effects because animation that obtains high degrees of realism involves computer techniques from three-dimensional transformation, shading, and curvatures.

High-tech computer animation for film involves very expensive computer systems along with special color terminals or frame buffers. The frame buffer is nothing more than a giant image memory for viewing a single frame. It temporarily holds the image for display on the screen.

A camera can be used to film directly from the computer’s display screen, but for the highest quality images possible, expensive film recorders are used. The computer computers the positions and colors for the figures in the picture, and sends this information to the recorder, which captures it on film. Sometimes, however, the images are stored on a large magnetic disk before being sent to the recorder. Once this process is completed, it is replaced for the next frame. When the entire sequence has been recorded on the film, the film must be developed before the animation can be viewed. If the entire sequence does not seem right, the motions must be corrected, recomputed, redisplayed, and rerecorded. This approach can be very expensive and time – consuming. Often, computer-animation companies first do motion tests with simple computer-generated line drawings before selling their computers to the task of calculating the high-resolution, realistic-looking images.

Questions
1.  What aspect of computer animation does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The production procession 
B. The equipment needed 
C. The high cost          
D. The role of the artist

2. According to the passage, in computer-assisted animation the role of the computer is to draw the _______.
A. first frame              B. middle frames        C. last frame        D. entire sequences of frames

3.  The word “they” in the second paragraph refers to    .
A. formulas                 B. objects                    C. numbers                  D. database

4. According to the passage, the frame buffers mentioned in the third paragraph are used to:
A. add color to the images
B. expose several frames at the same time
C. store individual images      
D. create new frames

5. According to the passage, the positions and colors of the figures in high-tech animation are determined by        .
A. drawing several versions                                           B. enlarging one frame at a lime
C. analyzing the sequence from different angles       D. using computer calculations

6.  The word “captures” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to         .
A. separates                B. registers                  C. describes                D. numbers

7.  The word “Once” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to .
A. before                     B. since                       C. after                                    D. while

8.  According to the passage, how do computer-animation companies often test motion?
A.  They experiment with computer-generated line drawings.
B.  They hand-draw successive frames.
C.  They calculate high-resolution images.
D.  They develop extensive mathematical formulas.

9.  The word “task” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to    .
A. possibility              B. position                  C. time                         D. job

10.  Which of the following statement is supported by the passage?
A.  Computers have reduced the costs of animation.
B.  In the future, traditional artists will no longer be needed.
C.  Artists are unable to produce drawings as high in quality as computer drawings.
D.  Animation involves a wide range of technical and artistic skills.

Keys

Exercise 1:
1.      On
of
2.      in
3.      in
4.      Of
By
in
5.      in
6.      By
in
7.      Of
in
Exercise 2:
1.      A
2.      B
3.      B
4.      C
5.      D
6.      B
7.      C
8.      A
9.      A
10.   D